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Feminism in Poland
The history of feminism in Poland〔The term "Poland" in the 19th century refers to the Polish territories within boundaries from 1771 (from 1795 until 1918 the Polish state did not exist, being partitioned by its neighbours: Russia, Austria, and Prussia)〕 has traditionally been divided into seven periods, beginning with the 19th century first-wave feminism.〔Łoch, Eugenia (ed.) 2001. ''Modernizm i feminizm. Postacie kobiece w literaturze polskiej i obcej''. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu M.Curie-Skłodowskiej, p.44〕 The first four early periods coincided with the foreign partitions of Poland, which have led to the elimination of sovereign Polish state for 123 years.〔Davies, Norman. ''God's Playground: a history of Poland.'' Revised Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.〕
==First-wave feminism==
The first-wave feminism of the 19th century reached Poland later than other Western European countries due to political instability and economic exploitation by the partitioners.〔Compare with the first English claim for women’s education from 1675 (Hannah Woolley’s ''The Gentlewoman’s Companion'')〕 In that period, Poland experienced three successive waves of feminism (during that time the first feminist texts were produced); the first and weakest wave came before the November uprising of 1830. It was then that Klementyna z Tańskich Hoffmanowa wrote the first Polish text with ‘feminist’ features, ''Pamiątka po dobrej matce'' (''Remembrance of a Good Mother'') (1819). Although the author asserted the traditional social roles of wife and mother for Polish women, she nevertheless advocated the necessity of education for women as well.
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